Гольцов В.И. Официальная идеология самодержавия XIX — начала XX вв.

Гольцов В. И. Официальная идеология самодержавия XIX — начала XX вв. // Исторический вестник. 2021. Т. ХXХIX. С. 12–55.

Аннотация

В статье показано становление и развитие официальной идеологии российского самодержавия в XIX – начале XX вв. С этой целью проанализированы генезис и содержание ряда концепций в их историческом и идейно-политическом контексте – теории официальной народности С.С.Уварова, пореформенного консерватизма М.Н.Каткова и русского консервативного национализма К.П.Победоносцева. Рассмотрены общие черты данных теорий, в частности – охранительная трактовка русских национальных начал и русского народа, игнорирование внутренних причин освободительных идей и освободительного движения в России, антилиберализм, отрицательное отношение к конституционализму и демократии, использование церкви в качестве инструмента власти, ставка на традиционализм и казённый патриотизм. Предпринята попытка выяснить, насколько точно данные теории отражали российскую реальность, насколько доказательными они были. Делается вывод о том, что они были не только поверхностными и самоуспокоительными, но и весьма опасными, в первую очередь для самой самодержавной власти. Опираясь на них, российские правители часто принимали неадекватные обстановке решения, вставали на опасный путь изоляционизма и охранительности, что, в конечном счете, как ни парадоксально, лишь ускоряло то, что они пытались отодвинуть, а именно – революционные потрясения. Официальная идеология российского самодержавия не сумела выполнить задачу обеспечения эффективных условий его функционирования.

Ключевые слова: Николай I, Донесение Следственной комиссии (1826 г.), Высочайший Манифест от 13 июля 1826 г., С.С.Уваров, «теория официальной народности», М.Н.Катков, «Московские ведомости», К.П.Победоносцев, «Московский сборник».

Гольцов Виктор Иванович - кандидат исторических наук, г. Самара.

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Goltsov V. I. Official Ideology of the Autocracy in the 19th–Early 20th Centuries // Historical Reporter. Vol. 39. 2021. P. 12–55.

Keywords: Nicholas I, Report of the Investigation Commission (1826; Decembrist trial), The Imperial Manifesto of 13 July 1826, Sergei Uvarov, Official Nationality doctrine, Mikhail Katkov, Moscow Bulletin, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Moscow Collection.

Abstract

The study outlines the development of the official ideology of the Russian autocracy in the 19th–early 20th centuries. Therefore, the author examined the origins and contents of several doctrines and concepts in their historical, ideological and political context. These are Sergei Uvarov's Official Nationality doctrine, Mikhail Katkov's Post-Reform Conservatism and Konstantin Pobedonostsev's Russian Conservative Nationalism. These theories have a few common features, such as a rather conservative interpretation of Russian national identity and its origins, disregard for the internal causes of the liberation movement in Russia, anti-liberalism, rejection of constitutionalism and democracy, reliance on the church as an instrument of power and support for traditional values and hurrah-patriotism. The author attempted to determine how accurately these theories reflected Russian life and how credible they were. The study concluds that these doctrines were a shallow attempt of the authorities and elites to foster confidence in the existing regime. Moreover, these theories were also dangerous, first and foremost for the autocracy itself. Drawing upon these ideas, Russian rulers have often made poor decisions, adopting the dangerous course towards isolationism and conservatism, which only brought the demise of the regime even closer, stoking the flames of an inevitable revolution – something that the Empire desperately sought to avoid. The official ideological tenets of the Russian autocracy failed to accomplish its main task of ensuring the stability and efficiency of the regime.

Victor I. Goltsov - Candidate of Historical Sciences (Ph.D.), Samara.

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